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Russia has a high-income〔 (Country and Lending Groups ), ''World Bank''〕 mixed economy with state ownership in strategic areas of the economy. Market reforms in the 1990s privatized much of Russian industry and agriculture, with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors. Russia is unusual among the major economies in the way that it relies on energy revenues to drive growth. Containing over 30 percent of the world's natural resources,〔Kevin M. Korabik, (Russia's Natural Resources and their Economic Effects ), ''Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences'', December 1, 1997〕 Russia is the most resource-rich country in the world.〔Michael B. Sauter, Charles B. Stockdale, Paul Ausick, (The World’s Most Resource-Rich Countries ), April 18, 2012〕 Russia has an abundance of oil, natural gas and precious metals, which make up a major share of Russia's exports. the oil-and-gas sector accounted for 16% of the GDP, 52% of federal budget revenues and over 70% of total exports.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= World Development Indicators: Contribution of natural resources to gross domestic product )〕 Russia has a large and sophisticated arms industry, capable of designing and manufacturing high-tech military equipment, including a fifth-generation fighter jet. The value of Russian arms exports totalled $15.7 billion in 2013—second only to the US. Top military exports from Russia include combat aircraft, air defence systems, ships and submarines. In 2014, the Russian economy was the sixth largest in the world by PPP and tenth largest at market exchange rates. However, the International Monetary Fund estimated that by the 2015 it could drop to nineteenth largest as result of depreciation of the ruble. Between 2000 and 2012 Russia's energy exports fueled a rapid growth in living standards, with real disposable income rising by 160%. In dollar-denominated terms this amounted to a more than sevenfold increase in disposable incomes since 2000. However, these gains have been distributed unevenly, as the 110 wealthiest individuals were found in a report by Credit Suisse to own 35% of all financial assets held by Russian households.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=BCDB1364-A105-0560-1332EC9100FF5C83 )〕 Poor governance means that Russia also has the second-largest volume of illicit money outflows, having lost over $880 billion between 2002 and 2011 in this way. Since 2008 Forbes has repeatedly named Moscow the "billionaire capital of the world". There were fears of the Russian economy going into recession from early 2014 - mainly as a result of the falling oil prices, the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine and the subsequent capital flight. However, the 2014 GDP growth remained positive at 0.6%. The World Bank predicted that Russia's economy would shrink by 2.7 percent in 2015, but return to growth of 0.7 percent in 2016.〔(Russian recession deepens as economy shrinks most in 6 years )〕 ==Economic history== (詳細はウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Economy of Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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